The Vasculitides

1.0 Introduction

1.1 Overview

1.2 Definitions

1.3 Classification

1.3.1 Primary and Secondary Vasculitides

1.3.2 Vessel Size and the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference

1.3.3 American College of Rheumatology

1.4 Clinical Features - Signs and Symptoms

1.5 Causal Elements

1.6 Prevalence

1.7 Histopathology

1.7.1 White Blood Cells

1.7.1.1 Erythrocytes

1.7.1.2 Thrombocytes

1.7.1.3 Basophils and Mast Cells

1.7.1.4 Eosinophils

1.7.1.5 Neutrophils

1.7.1.6 T Lymphocytes

1.7.1.7 Monocytes

1.7.1.8 Macrophages

1.7.1.9 Giant Cells

1.7.1.10 B Lymphocytes

1.7.1.11 Natural Killer Cells

1.7.2 Toxic Oxygen Products

1.7.3 Cytokines

1.7.4 Leucocyte/Vascular Endothelial Interactions

1.7.5 Necrotising Vasculitis

1.7.6 Granulomatous Vasculitis

1.7.7 Leukocytoclastic Vasculitis

1.7.8 Lymphocytic Vasculitis

1.7.9 Eosinophilic Vasculitis

1.7.10 Immunoglobulins

1.7.11 Immune Complexes

1.7.12 Complement

1.7.13 Glomerulonephritis

1.7.14 C-reactive Protein

1.7.15 Types of Immune Response

1.7.16 Specific Antibodies

1.7.16.1 Rheumatoid factor

1.7.16.2 Cryoglobulins

1.7.16.3 Anti-neutrophil Cytoplasmic Antibodies

1.7.16.4 Anti-nuclear Antibodies

1.7.16.5 Anti-glomular Basement Membrane Antibodies

1.7.16.6 Anti-cardiolipin Antibodies

1.8. Diagnosis

1.8.1. Biopsy

1.8.1.1 Skin

1.8.1.2 Muscle

1.8.1.3 Renal

1.8.1.4 Nerve

1.8.1.5 Temporal Artery

1.8.1.6 Lung

1.8.1.7 Brain

1.8.1.8 Other Biopsy Types

1.8.2 Joint Fluid Tests

1.8.3 Lumbar Puncture

1.8.4 Imaging Techniques

1.8.4.1 Angiogram

1.8.4.2 Computed Axial Tomography

1.8.4.3 Magnetic Resonance Imaging

1.8.5. Nerve Tests

1.8.5.1 Electromyogram

1.8.5.2 Nerve Conduction Velocity Test

1.8.6. Electocardiogram

1.8.7 Complete Blood Count (CBC)

1.8.8 Inflammation and Blood Proteins

1.8.9 Plasma Viscosity

1.8.10 Electrolytes and Metabolites

1.8.10.1 Enzymes

1.8.10.2 Glucose

1.8.10.3 Glycohaemoglobin (Haemoglobin A1 or A1c: HGbA1 or HGbA1c)

1.8.10.4 Hormones

1.8.10.5 Minerals

1.8.10.6 Electrolytes

1.8.11 Waste Products

1.8.12 Urinalysis

1.8.13 Blood Fats (lipoproteins)

1.8.14 Cardiac Risk Factors

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The Vasculitides