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These plasma proteins (in addition to fibrinogen) increase 25% or more in response to inflammation and injury are under direct control of interleukin-6 (IL-6) (hepatocyte-stimulating factor).
Other proteins which increase are ceruloplasmin, C3 and C4 which increase 50% or more; alpha-1 acid glycoprotein, alpha-1 antitrypsin, haptoglobin and fibrinogen (the major determinant of viscosity 1 ) which increase two- to fourfold; C-reactive protein (CRP) and serum amyloid A which increase several hundred-fold.
Despite long-held clinical opinion to the contrary, available data indicate that neither ESR nor measurement of specific acute-phase reactants are useful in excluding underlying infection or inflammation regardless of the pretest probability.
These proteins are secreted into the blood in increased or decreased quantities by hepatocytes in response to trauma, inflammation, or disease. They can serve as inhibitors or mediators of the inflammatory processes. Certain acute-phase proteins have been used to diagnose and follow the course of diseases or as tumour markers. (OMD)
A dull, crampy centralised abdominal pain that occurs 15-30 minutes after a meal. Associated with ischaemic bowel disease. Evaluated with mesenteric arteriography.
1: sensing or perceiving accurately, clearly, effectively, or sensitively <acute vision>
2a: characterized by sharpness or severity <acute pain> <an acute infection>
b(1) : having a sudden onset, sharp rise, and short course <an acute disease> <an acute inflammation> -- compare CHRONIC
2a(2) : ACUTE CARE <an acute hospital>
c: lasting a short time <acute experiments>. (M+)
ADP is a nucleotide C10H15N5O10P2 composed of adenosine and two phosphate groups that is formed in living cells as an intermediate between ATP and AMP and that is reversibly converted to ATP for the storing of energy by the addition of a high-energy phosphate group. (M+)
AMP is a nucleotide C10H12N5O3H2PO4 that is composed of adenosine and one phosphate group and is reversibly convertible to ADP and ATP in metabolic processes. (M+) Compare with Cyclic AMP.
ATP is a phosphorylated nucleotide C10H16N5O13P3 composed of adenosine and three phosphate groups that supplies energy for many biochemical cellular processes by undergoing enzymatic hydrolysis especially to ADP. (M+)
Molecules that are involved in T helper-accessory cell, T helper-B-cell, and T cytotoxic-target cell interactions. (OMD)
During an inflammatory response adhesion molecules serve to enhance pairing between many less avid receptors and their ligands and transmit signals that direct specific effector functions. At least four superfamilies of adhesion molecules participate in these events: the selectins, the integrins, certain members of the immunoglobulin superfamily and cadherins.
(see Adenosine diphosphate)
A branch of knowledge concerned with the causes of particular phenomena, specifically a branch of medical science concerned with the causes and origins of diseases. The study of factors of causation or those associated with the causation of disease or abnormal body states. (OMD)
Moving or carrying inward or toward a central part. Refers to vessels, nerves, etc. For example: blood vessels carrying blood toward the heart, or nerves conducting signals to the brain.(OMD)
1. A prime mover.
2. A drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances, thus triggering a biochemical response. (OMD)
A reagent that places an alkyl group, for example propyl in place of a nucleophilic group in a molecule. Alkylating reagents include a number of cytotoxic drugs some of which react fairly specifically with N7 of the purine ring and lead to depurination of DNA, for example the agent ethyl ethanesulphonic acid and thus to mutagenesis. The drugs interaction with DNA prevents the division of the cells. Examples of drugs include: busulphan, chlorambucil, cyclophosphamide, melphalan. (OMD)
One of a large group of nitrogenous substances found in naturally in plants. They are usually very bitter and although the plant may be poisonous, many have extracts that are pharmacologically active. Examples are atropine, caffeine, codeine, coniine, morphine, nicotine, quinine, strychnine. The term is also applied to synthetic substances which have structures similar to plant alkaloids, such as procaine. (OMD)
The manifestations of a particular allergic reaction depend on which of the immune mechanisms predominates in the response. Based on this criterion, immunologists use the Gell-Coombs classification system to recognize four types of hypersensitivity reactions. Types I, II, and III involve antibody-mediated mechanisms and are of rapid onset. The type IV reaction stems from cell-mediated mechanisms and has a delayed onset. It should be noted that the categorization, though useful, is an oversimplification and that many diseases involve a combination of hypersensitivity reactions. (Britanica, 2002)
Any of a class of organic compounds derived from ammonia by replacement of one, two, or three hydrogen atoms with alkyl groups. (M+) (organic hydrocarbon radicals)
The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary and tertiary, according to whether one, two or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine and many other compounds. (OMD
An amphoteric organic acid containing the amino group NH2 (M+) - and a carboxyl group (COOH). Twenty alpha-amino acids are the subunits which are polymerised to form proteins. (OMD)
(see Adenosine monophosphate and Cyclic AMP)
Capable of reacting chemically either as an acid or as a base. (M+)
Antinuclear antibody is an antibody that reacts against components of the cell nucleus such as DNA, RNA, histone or non-histone proteins.
These antibodies are present in a variety of immunologic or autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis and in persons taking hydralazine, procainamide or isoniazid.
A serologic measurement for antinuclear antibodies can aid in the diagnosis of unexplained arthritis, rashes or chest pains. (OMD)
1. a: A condition in which the blood is deficient in red blood cells, haemoglobin, or total volume.
b. Ischaemia.
2. lack of vitality.
Pertaining to anaphylaxis.
As opposed to prophylaxis. A system or treatment that leads to damaging effects on the organism.
Now reserved for those inflammatory reactions resulting from combination of a soluble antigen with IgE bound to a mast cell that leads to degranulation of the mast cell and release of histamine and histamine like substances, causing localised or global immune reponses.
Results in an acute allergic reaction with shortness of breath, rash, wheezing, hypotension. (OMD)
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies (ANCAs) are autoantibodies directed against antigens found in cytoplasmic granules of neutrophiles and monocytes.
Antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies are closely associated with Wegener granulomatosis, microscopic polyangiitis, and Churg-Strauss syndrome and have contributed to new pathogenetic concepts and improved nomenclature of systemic vasculitides (antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody-associated vasculitides).
An abnormal blood-filled dilatation (sac) of the wall of a blood vessel (vein or artery) or of the heart.
Chest pain that occurs secondary to the inadequate delivery of oxygen to the heart muscle. Often described as a heavy or squeezing pain in the midsternal area of the chest. (OMD)
A diagnostic procedure done in the X-ray department to visualize blood vessels following introduction of a contrast material into an artery. (OMD) The radiographic visualization of the blood vessels after injection of a radiopaque substance. (M+)
A negatively-charged ion.
A substance that tends to nullify the action of another, as a drug that binds to a cell receptor without eliciting a biological response. (OMD)
Any of a large number of proteins of high molecular weight that are produced normally by specialized B-cells after stimulation by an antigen and act specifically against the antigen in an immune response, that are produced abnormally by some cancer cells, and that typically consist of four subunits including two heavy chains and two light chains - called also immunoglobulin . (M+)
Usually long-lasting immunity that is acquired through production of antibodies within the organism in response to the presence of antigens. (OMD)
A (usually) protein or carbohydrate substance (as a toxin or enzyme) capable of stimulating an immune response. (M+)
Drugs that are chemically similar to naturally occurring metabolites but differ enough to interfere with normal metabolic pathways. (OMD)
Antinuclear antibody is an antibody that react against components of the cell nucleus such as DNA, RNA, histone or non-histone proteins .
These antibodies are present in a variety of immunologic or autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus erythematosus, systemic sclerosis, scleroderma, Sjogren's syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, polymyositis, dermatomyositis and in persons taking hydralazine, procainamide or isoniazid. A serologic measurement for antinuclear antibodies can aid in the diagnosis of unexplained arthritis, rashes or chest pains. (OMD)
Any of various substances (such as beta-carotene, vitamin C, and alpha-tocopherol) that inhibit oxidation or reactions promoted by oxygen and peroxides. (M+)
Antioxidants may help to protect the living body from the deleterious effects of free radicals.
An agent that relieves or reduces fever. (OMD)
The large arterial trunk that carries oxygenated blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries through the body to the extremities, neck and major organs. It is the largest artery in the body.
The genetically determined process of cell self-destruction that is marked by the fragmentation of nuclear DNA, is activated either by the presence of a stimulus or by the removal of a stimulus or suppressing agent, is a normal physiological process eliminating DNA-damaged, superfluous, or unwanted cells (as immune cells targeted against the self in the development of self-tolerance or larval cells in amphibians undergoing metamorphosis), and when halted (as by genetic mutation) may result in uncontrolled cell growth and tumor formation -- called also programmed cell death. (M+)
Programmed cell death as signalled by the nuclei in normally functioning human and animal cells when age or state of cell health and condition dictates.
An active process requiring metabolic activity by the dying cell, often characterised by cleavage of the DNA into fragments that give a so called laddering pattern on gels.
Cells that die by apoptosis do not usually elicit the inflammatory responses that are associated with necrosis, though the reasons are not clear.
Cancerous cells, however, are unable to experience the normal cell transduction or apoptosis-driven natural cell death process. (OMD)
A liquid unsaturated fatty acid C20H32O2 that occurs in most animal fats, is a precursor of prostaglandins , and is considered essential in animal nutrition. (M+)
Curved like a bow.
A minute artery, especially one that leads to a capillary . (OMD)
Pain in a joint. (OMD)
An inflammatory condition of joints due to infectious, traumatic, autoimmune, metabolic, or constitutional causes (see also rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis or psoriatic arthritis)
see "Adenosine Triphosphate"
A buildup of cholesterol and fatty material within a blood vessel due to the effects of atherosclerosis. (OMD)
Antibodies directed against self antigens , i.e., against a normal tissue constituent. An antibody ( immunoglobulin ) formed in response to, and reacting against, one of the individual's own normal antigenic endogenous body constituents. (OMD)
Are illnesses which occur when the body tissues are attacked by its own immune system. The immune system is a complex organisation within the body that is designed normally to seek and destroy invaders of the body, particularly infections. Patients with these diseases have unusual antibodies in their blood that target their own body tissues. (OMD)
A type of lymphocyte normally involved in the production of antibodies to combat infection. It is a precursor to a plasma cell . During infections, individual B-cell clones multiply and are transformed into plasma cells, which produce large amounts of antibodies against a particular antigen on a foreign microbe. This transformation occurs through interaction with the appropriate CD4 T helper cells . (OMD)
One of the two major classes of prokaryotic organism (the other being the Cyanobacteria). Bacteria are small (linear dimensions of around 1 m), non-compartmentalised, with circular DNA and ribosomes of 70S. Protein synthesis differs from that of eukaryotes and many antibacterial antibiotics interfere with protein synthesis, but do not affect the infected host. Recently bacteria have been subdivided into Eubacteria and Archaebacteria , although some would consider the Archaebacteria to be a third kingdom, distinct from both Eubacteria and Eukaryotes. The Eubacteria can be further subdivided on the basis of their staining using Gram stain . Since the difference between gram-positiv e and gram-negative depends upon a fundamental difference in cell wall structure it is therefore more soundly based than classification on gross morphology alone (into cocci, bacilli, etc.). (OMD) +++ Any of a group (as kingdom Procaryotae or kingdom Monera or the former class Schizomycetes) of prokaryotic unicellular round, spiral, or rod-shaped single-celled microorganisms that are often aggregated into colonies or motile by means of flagella, that live in soil, water, organic matter, or the bodies of plants and animals, and that are autotrophic, saprophytic, or parasitic in nutrition and important because of their biochemical effects and pathogenicity. (M+)
A dye in which the cation is the coloured component of the dye molecule that binds to anionic groups of nucleic acids (PO4 & equivalent) or acidic mucopolysaccharides (e.g., chondroitin sulfate). (OMD)
A white blood cell with basophilic granules that is similar in function to a mast cell . (M+)
Staining readily with, or being a basic stain. (M+)
Denoting tissue components having an affinity for basic dyes under specific pH conditions. (OMD)
A sharply defined clear colourless zone of haemolysis surrounding colonies of certain streptococci on blood agar plate. (M+)
A class of broad spectrum antibiotics that are structurally and pharmacologically related to the penicillins and cephalosporins. (OMD)
A reddish yellow pigment (C33H36N4O6) that occurs especially in bile and blood and causes jaundice if accumulated in excess. (M+)
A pigment produced when the liver processes waste products. A high bilirubin level causes yellowing of the skin. (OMD)
A biopsy refers to a procedure that involves obtaining a tissue specimen for microscopic analysis to establish a precise diagnosis. Biopsies can be accomplished with a biopsy needle (passed through the skin into the organ in question) or by open surgical incision. (OMD)
Protrusion from the surface of a cell, usually approximately hemispherical, may be filled with fluid or supported by a meshwork of microfilaments. (OMD)
The pale yellow fluid portion of whole blood that consists of water and its dissolved constituents including proteins (such as albumin, fibrinogen and globulins), electrolytes (such as sodium and chloride), sugars (such as glucose), lipids (such as cholesterol and triglycerides), metabolic waste products (such as urea), amino acids, hormones and vitamins. (M+)
(Capsular space; Filtration space) The slitlike space between the visceral and parietal layers of the capsule of the renal corpuscle; it opens into the proximal tubule of the nephron at the neck of the tubule. (OMD)
Vasoactive nonapeptide (RPPGFSPFR) formed by action of proteases on kininogens. Very similar to kallidin (which has the same sequence but with an additional N terminal lysine).
Bradykinin is a very potent vasodilator and increases permeability of post capillary venules, it acts on endothelial cells to activate phospholipase A2. It is also spasmogenic for some smooth muscle and will cause pain. (OMD)
Bradykinin is formed locally in injured tissue, acts in vasodilation of small arterioles, is considered to play a part in inflammatory processes, and is composed of a chain of nine amino acid residues. (M+)
Vasoactive nonapeptide (RPPGFSPFR) formed by action of proteases on kininogens. Very similar to kallidin (which has the same sequence but with an additional N terminal lysine). (OMD)
A bleb ; a vesicle , or an elevation of the cuticle , containing a transparent watery fluid. (OMD) Plural = Bullae.
(CRP) This blood test is used as an indicator of acute inflammation. C-reactive protein is a protein of the pentraxin family, produced by the liver during periods of inflammation and detectable in serum in various disease conditions particularly during the acute phase of immune response. Normally C-reactive protein should be negative in the bloodstream. C-reactive protein is synthesised by hepatocytes and its production may be triggered by prostaglandin , E1, or pyrogen . It consists of five polypeptide sub units forming a molecule of total molecular weight 105 kD. It binds to polysaccharides present in a wide range of bacterial, fungal and other cell walls or cell surfaces and to lecithin and to phosphoryl or choline containing molecules. It is related in structure to Serum Amyloid and C polysaccharide. Conditions which can cause a positive C-reactive protein include: rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, pneumococcal pneumonia, rheumatic fever, cancer, tuberculosis and myocardial infarction .
Streptococcus pyogenes enzyme - inactivates complement 5a by cleaving at lysine 68, removing a six-amino acid fragment.
Pharmacological action: complement inactivators. (OMD)
Integral membrane proteins involved in calcium dependent cell adhesion. There are three types, named after their distributions: N cadherin (neural), E cadherin (epithelial) (equivalent to uvomorulin and L CAM) and P cadherin placental). Formed of a 600 amino acid extracellular domain, containing 4 repeats believed to contain the Ca binding sites, a transmembrane domain and a 150 amino acid intracellular domain. (OMD)
A class of drugs that act by selective inhibition of calcium ion influx through or across cell membranes or on the release and binding of calcium in intracellular pools. Calcium channel blockers are used primarily in the treatment of certain heart conditions and stroke. As they are inducers of vascular and other smooth muscle relaxation, they are also used in the treatment of hypertension and cerebrovascular spasms, as myocardial protective agents, and in the relaxation of uterine spasms. (OMD)
Any of the smallest blood vessels connecting arterioles with venules and forming networks throughout the body. (M+)
see "Glomerular Capsule"
Bacterial polysaccharides are usually associated with the outer surface of the bacterium. They can form an amorphous layer of extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) surrounding the cell that may be further organized into a distinct structure termed a capsule. Additional polysaccharide molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or lipooligosaccharide (LOS) may also decorate the cell surface. Polysaccharide capsules may mediate a number of biological processes, including invasive infections of human beings.
Any of various neutral compounds of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen (as sugars, starches, and celluloses) most of which are formed by green plants and which constitute a major class of animal foods. (M+)
A substance (such as an enzyme) that enables a chemical reaction to proceed under different conditions (such as at a lower temperature) than otherwise possible. (M+) A substance that facilitates a chemical reaction, but is not consumed or changed in the process.
A positively-charged ion
See CT scan .
Immune response that involves effector T-lymphocytes and not the production of humoral antibody.
Responsible for allograft rejection, delayed hypersensitivity and in defence against viral infection and intracellular protozoan parasites. (OMD)
Relating to or being the part of immunity or the immune response that is mediated primarily by T cells and especially cytotoxic T cells rather than by antibodies secreted by B cells. (M+)
Cytokines that are chemotactic for leucocytes. The first member of the family was IL-8 (interleukin-8) but subsequently many other members have been identified. They can now be sub divided into two groups on the basis of the arrangement of a pair of conserved cysteines: the C x C group includes platelet Factor 4, platelet basic protein, interleukin 8, melanoma growth stimulatory protein, macrophage inflammatory protein 2. (OMD)
Orientation or movement of an organism or cell in relation to chemical agents. (M+)
A response of motile cells or organisms in which the direction of movement is affected by the gradient of a diffusible substance.
Differs from chemokinesis in that the gradient alters probability of motion in one direction only, rather than rate or frequency of random motion. (OMD)
Chloramine B: Sodium N-chlorobenzenesulfonamide;a nontoxic antiseptic substance used in wound irrigation as a substitute for chloramine T.
Chloramine T: Sodium N-chloro-p-toluenesulfonamide;a nontoxic but strong antiseptic used in the irrigation of wounds and infected cavities. (OMD)
Inflammation of cartilage
Stainable material of interphase nucleus consisting of nucleic acid and associated histone protein packed into nucleosomes. Euchromatin is loosely packed and accessible to RNA polymerases, whereas heterochromatin is highly condensed and probably transcriptionally inactive. OMD
1a: marked by long duration, by frequent recurrence over a long time, and often by slowly progressing seriousness: not acute <chronic indigestion> <her hallucinations became chronic>
b: suffering from a disease or ailment of long duration or frequent recurrence <a chronic arthritic> <chronic sufferers from asthma>
2a: having a slow progressive course of indefinite duration -- used especially of degenerative invasive diseases, some infections, psychoses, and inflammations <chronic heart disease> <chronic arthritis> <chronic tuberculosis> -- compare ACUTE 2b(1)
b: infected with a disease-causing agent (as a virus) and remaining infectious over a long period of time but not necessarily expressing symptoms <chronic carriers may remain healthy but still transmit the virus causing hepatitis B>. (M+)
(limping, lameness) cramping pain and weakness in the legs and especially the calves on walking that disappears after rest and is usually associated with inadequate blood supply to the muscles (as in Buerger's disease or arteriosclerosis). (M+)
The cluster of differentiation (CD) antigens are cellular molecules, displayed on the surface of T-cells, that are each recognized by monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) that allow for the identification each molecule's biochemical properties and cellular distribution. The CD number for each molecule is defined at international workshops that exchange such Mabs and compare their ability to react with human cells and/or human cell molecules.
A spherical bacterium. (M+)
Inflammation of the colon . (OMD)
Collagen is a major structural protein with a tensile strength greater than that of steel, the basic units of which are glycine , proline , and hydroxyproline . Collagen forms more than one quarter of all protein in the body. Collagen provides structure to our bodies, protecting and supporting the softer tissues and connecting them with the skeleton. It forms molecular cables that strengthen the tendons and vast, resilient sheets that support the skin and internal organs. Bones and teeth are made by adding mineral crystals to collagen. It is a "scaffolding" material that also "controls cell shape and differentiation, migration, and the synthesis of a number of proteins. This is why broken bones regenerate and wounds heal. Why blood vessels grow to feed healing areas. The collagen mesh provides the blueprint, the road map and the way" (700). More than 19 types have been described, the major ones being; Type I, the fibrous protein constituent of tendons, ligaments, and bones. Type II forms 50% of the protein in cartilage. Type III strengthens the walls of hollow structures like arteries, the intestine, and uterus. Type IV forms the basil lamina of epithelia (skin), and provides the meshwork that is the filter for the blood capillaries and the glomeruli of the kidneys (701).
There are a number of diseases that directly affect collagen including some forms of dwarfism (caused by mutations in a Type II collagen gene), “rubber-man” syndrome (caused by mutations in a Type I collagen gene), Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (caused by a mutation in the gene for Type III collagen), Alport’s syndrome (caused by a mutation on the X chromosome for one of the chains of Type IV collagen), Scurvy (caused by a lack of vitamin C where the sufferer is unable to convert proline to hydroxyproline) and Goodpasture’s syndrome (caused by the formation of autoantibodies against an epitope on Type IV collagen molecules) (701).
Any of a group of proteolytic enzymes that decompose collagen and gelatin. (M+)
Proteolytic enzyme capable of breaking native collagen. Once the initial cleavage is made, less specific proteases will complete the degradation.
Collagenases from mammalian cells are metallo enzymes and are collagen type specific. May be released in latent (proenzyme) form into tissues and require activation by other proteases before they will degrade fibrillar matrix. Bacterial collagenases are used in tissue disruption for cell harvesting. (OMD)
Microscopic particles suspended in some sort of liquid medium. The particles are between one nanometre and one micrometre in size and can be macromolecules. (OMD)
(C’) A term originally used to refer to the heat labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis , the lysis of antibody coated cells and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed components of complement and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower case letter suffixes, for example, C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix i, for example C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol for example C1 or C4b, 2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3, C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules.
The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by non-immunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins , microbial polysaccharides and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3, activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins , opsonins or chemotactic factors. (OMD)
see "Complement"
Disturbed orientation in regard to time , place or person , sometimes accompanied by disordered consciousness . (OMD)
To unite (as with the elimination of water) so that the product is easily broken down (as by hydrolysis) into the original compounds. For example, benzoic acid (C6H6O2) is conjugated with glycine (C2H5NO2) to form hippuric acid (C9H9NO3) in the body.
Dermis.
A rapid, noisy expulsion of air from the lungs typically in order to clear the lung airways of fluids, mucus, or material
A chemical bond formed between atoms by the sharing of electrons that travel between the atoms' nuclei, holding them together but keeping them a stable distance apart.
An inflammatory disease of the gastrointestinal tract that seems to have both genetic and environmental causes, not well understood. Common symptoms include recurrent abdominal pains, fever, nausea, vomiting, weight loss and diarrhoea which is occasionally bloody. Complications include gastrointestinal bleeding, fistulas and anal fissures. Treatment includes anti-inflammatory drugs and corticosteroids. Surgery is successful in a select few. (OMD)
See C-Reactive Protein .
Any of several proteins ( immunoglobulins ) similar to gamma-globulins (as in molecular weight) that precipitate - usually in the cold - from blood serum especially in pathological conditions (as multiple myeloma) and that redissolve on warming. (M+)
The condition of having abnormal quantities of cryoglobulins in the blood. (M+)
(computed tomography) A special radiographic technique that uses a computer to assimilate multiple X-ray images into a 2 dimensional cross-sectional image. This can reveal many soft tissue structures not shown by conventional radiography. Scans may also be dynamic in which a movement of a dye is tracked. Cuts may be 5 or 10 mm apart or, in some instances even further apart. A special dye material may be injected into the patients vein prior to the scan to help differentiate abnormal tissue and vasculature. The machine rotates 180ø around the patients body, sending out a pencil-thin X-ray beam at 160 different points. Crystals positioned at the opposite points of the beam pick up and record the absorption rates of the varying thicknesses of tissue and bone. These data are then relayed to a computer that turns the information into a picture on a screen. Using the same dosage of radiation as that of the conventional X-ray machine, an entire slice of the body is made visible with about 100 times more clarity. (OMD)
Of, relating to, or affecting the skin. (M+)
1. An outer covering layer: as
2. Dead or horny epidermis (as that surrounding the base and sides of a fingernail or toenail) (M+)
Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate ( cAMP ) is a cyclic mononucleotide of adenosine that is formed from ATP and is responsible for the intracellular mediation of hormonal effects on various cellular processes (as lipid metabolism, membrane transport, and cell proliferation). Called also adenosine 3´,5´-monophosphate . (M+)
Substance produced by a leucocyte that acts upon another cell. Small proteins or biological factors (in the range of 5-20 kD) that are released by cells and have specific effects on cell-cell interaction, communication and behaviour of other cells. Not really different from hormones, but the term tends to be used as a convenient generic shorthand for interleukins, lymphokines and several related signaling molecules such as TNF (tumour necrosis factor alpha) and interferons. Generally growth factors would not be classified as cytokines, though TGF is an exception. Rather an imprecise term. Chemokines are a subset of cytokines. (OMD)
Cell lysis .
The organized complex of inorganic and organic substances external to the nuclear membrane of a cell (but internal to the cell) including the cytosol and membrane-bound organelles (such as mitochondria - or chloroplasts in plants). (M+)
Fluid portion of a cells cytoplasm . (M+)
(cell poison) Chemicals that are directly toxic to cells, preventing their reproduction or growth. Cytotoxic agents can, as a side effect, damage healthy, non-cancerous tissues or organs which have a high proportion of actively dividing cells, for example, bone marrow, hair follicles. These side effects limit the amount and frequency of drug administration. (OMD)
Hypersensitivity (as in a tuberculin test) which is mediated by T cells and in which the typical symptoms of inflammation and induration appear in an individual previously exposed to an antigen after an interval of 12 to 48 hours following a subsequent exposure (as by injection of the antigen under the skin) (M+)
Any of the usually branching protoplasmic processes that conduct impulses toward the body of a nerve cell. (M+)
Dendritic cells are unique in their ability to present antigen to naive T-cells, and therefore play a central role in the initiation of immune responses. The protein encoded by this gene is a transmembrane molecule that is preferentially expressed by dendritic cells. Its expression is down-regulated by ligation of the CD40 molecule. Several alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene have been described, but the full-length nature of some of these variants has not been determined.
A disease of connective tissue characterised by swelling, dermatitis and inflammation of muscle tissue. Symptoms include fever, malaise, difficulty swallowing, general weakness, muscle weakness (pelvic and shoulder girdle muscles) and skin and mucosal lesions. (OMD)
The sensitive vascular inner mesodermic layer of the skin - called also corium, cutis, cutis vera & derma. (M+)
The abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges . (OMD)
Agents that promote the excretion of urine through their effects on kidney function. (OMD)
(deoxyribonucleic acid) The molecule that encodes genetic information in the nucleus of cells. It determines the structure, function and behaviour of the cell.
DNA is a double-stranded molecule held together by weak bonds between base pairs of nucleotides. The four nucleotides in DNA contain the bases: adenine (A), guanine (G), cytosine (C), and thymine (T). In nature, base pairs form only between A and T and between G and C, thus the base sequence of each single strand can be deduced from that of its partner. (OMD)
difficult and painful menstruation. (OMD)
Shortness of breath, difficult or laboured breathing. (OMD)
Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates neutrophil, monocyte, and memory T-cell adhesion to cytokine-activated endothelial cells. E-selectin recognises sialylated carbohydrate groups related to the lewis x or lewis a family. (OMD)
To discolour by the production of an ecchymosis , or effusion of blood, beneath the skin; chiefly used in the passive form; as, the parts were much ecchymosed . (OMD) Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm) and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma . (OMD)
A small haemorrhagic spot, larger than a petechia , in the skin or mucous membrane forming a non-elevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch.
See "Oedema"
Serine protease that will digest elastin and collagen type IV, inhibited by 1_protease-inhibitor of plasma. (OMD)
An enzyme especially of pancreatic juice that digests elastin. (M+)
A protein that is similar to collagen and is the chief constituent of elastic fibers. (M+)
Glycoprotein (70 kD) randomly coiled and cross linked to form elastic fibres that are found in connective tissue. Like collagen, the amino acid composition is unusual with 30% of residues being glycine and with a high proline content. Cross linking depends upon formation of desmosine from four lysine side groups. The mechanical properties of elastin are poorer in old animals. (OMD)
Separation of ionic molecules, (principally proteins) by the differential migration through a gel according to the size and ionic charge of the molecules in an electrical field. (OMD)
Exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterised by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself and most commonly involving a heart valve , but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere . It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease . (OMD)
Pertaining to internal hormonal secretions.
The layer of epithelial cells that lines the cavities of the heart and of the blood and lymph vessels and the serous cavities of the body, originating from the mesoderm. (OMD)
Proteins or RNA that act as biological catalysts , their cofactors, and inhibitors.
A white blood cell or other granulocyte with cytoplasmic inclusions readily stained by eosin. (M+)
Staining readily with eosin dyes; denoting such cell or tissue elements. (OMD)
Neurotoxin:
A substance, often exquisitely toxic, that inhibits neuronal function. Neurotoxins act typically against the sodium channel (e.g. tetrdotoxin - TTX) or block or enhance synaptic transmission (curare, bungarotoxin). (OMD)
The covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. Epithelium is classified into types on the basis of the number of layers deep and the shape of the superficial cells. (OMD)
A molecular region on the surface of an antigen molecule capable of eliciting an immune response and of combining with the specific antibody produced by such a response. (M+)
An antigen has many different epitopes and reacts with antibodies of many different specificities. (OMD)
A name applied to redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries , which may result from a variety of causes, the aetiology or a specific type of lesion often being indicated by a modifying term. (OMD) Thus erythematous maculae - where macula = a stain, spot, or thickening.
A disorder characterised by the formation of tender , red nodules on the front of the legs . Erythema nodosum primarily affects women and has been associated with certain infections : coccidiomycosis, fungal infections , tuberculosis , hepatitis B and syphilis . A sensitivity to a particular drug (for example penicillin , progestin , birth control pills ) may also manifest this disorder . Other disorders and conditions that have been associated with erythema nodosum include: leukaemia, sarcoidosis , rheumatic fever , ulcerative colitis and pregnancy . (OMD)
Cells that carry oxygen to all parts of the body. Also called red blood cells (RBCs). (OMD)
(ESR) A test that measures the rate at which red blood cells settle through a column of liquid. A non-specific index of inflammation. (OMD)
Any of a domain (Eukarya) or a higher taxonomic group (Eukaryota) above the kingdom that includes organisms composed of one or more cells containing visibly evident nuclei and organelles. (M+) Organism whose cells have chromosomes with nucleosomal structure and separated from the cytoplasm by a two membrance nuclear envelope and compartmentalisation of a function in distinct cytoplasmic organelles. (OMD) (see also Prokaryote)
A discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues.
Pertaining to or of the nature of faeces . (OMD)
The excrement discharged from the intestines , consisting of bacteria , cells exfoliated from the intestines , secretions , chiefly of the liver and a small amount of food residue . (OMD)
Receptors present on a variety of cells for the Fc fragment of immunoglobulins. These receptors recognise immunoglobulins of the IgG and IgE class.
The insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen by the proteolytic action of thrombin during normal clotting of blood. Fibrin forms the essential portion of the blood clot. (OMD)
Soluble plasma protein (340 kD, 46 nm long), composed of 6 peptide chains (2 each of A_, B_ and _C) and present at about 2-3 mg/ml. (OMD)
A plasma protein that is produced in the liver and is converted into fibrin during blood clot formation. (M+)
Necrosis in which the necrotic tissue has some staining reactions resembling fibrin and becomes deeply homogenous and refractile. (OMD)
Resident cell of connective tissue, mesodermally derived, that secretes fibrillar procollagen, fibronectin and collagenase. (OMD)
Affected or characterised by fibrosis.
The formation of fibrous tissue, fibroid or fibrous degeneration. (OMD)
A condition marked by increase of interstitial fibrous tissue. (M+)
Although most connective tissue has fibrillar elements, the term usually refers to tissue laid down at a wound site well vascularised at first (granulation tissue) but later avascular and dominated by a collagen rich extracellular matrix, forming a scar. Excessive contraction and hyperplasia leads to formation of a keloid. (OMD)+
Molecule that acts as a carrier of one carbon units in intermediary metabolism . It contains residues of p aminobenzoate, glutamate and a substituted pteridine. The latter cannot be synthesised by mammals, which must obtain tetrahydrofolate as a vitamin or from intestinal microorganisms. One carbon units are carried at three different levels of oxidation, as methyl, methylene or formimino groups. Important biosyntheses dependent on tetrahydrofolate include those of methionine, thymine and purines . Analogues of dihydrofolate, such as aminopterin and methotrexate block the action of tetrahydrofolate by inhibiting its regeneration from dihydrofolate. (OMD)
Paralysis or weakness of the dorsiflexor muscles of the foot, as a consequence of which the foot falls, the toes dragging on the ground in walking; many causes, both central and peripheral. (OMD)
Specialised haploid cells produced by meiosis and involved in sexual reproduction. Male gametes are usually small and motile (spermatozoa), whereas female gametes (oocytes) are larger and nonmotile. (OMD)
Local death of soft tissues, usually in considerable mass, generally associated with loss of blood supply, followed by bacterial invasion and putrefaction.
1. The genetic constitution of an organism or cell, as distinct from its expressed features or phenotype.
2. The genetic constitution of an individual or taxon. Not to be confused with type species of a genus for which it is sometimes erroneously used. (OMD)
An egg or sperm cell or one of their antecedent cells.
Cell specialised to produce haploid gametes.
The germ cell line is often formed very early in embryonic development.
The three layers of cells comprising the early embryo. (OMD)
A cell of large size, often with many nuclei. They are multinucleated masses produced by the fusion of many cells.
They are often associated with viral infections. In AIDS, they are induced when the envelope glycoprotein of HIV binds to the CD4 antigen of uninfected neighboring T4 cells.
The resulting syncytium leads to cell death and thus may account for the cytopathic effect of the virus.
The expanded beginning of a nephron composed of an inner and outer layer: the visceral layer consists of podocytes which surround a tuft of capillaries (glomerulus); the parietal layer is simple squamous epithelium which becomes cuboidal at the tubular pole. (OMD)
One of the structures which comprise the nephron (functional unit) in the kidney. The glomerulus is composed of capillary blood vessels which are actively involved in the filtration of the blood. (OMD)
A variety of nephritis characterised by inflammation of the capillary loops in the glomeruli of the kidney. It occurs in acute, subacute and chronic forms and may be secondary to haemolytic streptococcal infection . Evidence also supports possible immune or autoimmune mechanisms. (OMD)
Corticosteroid substances (drugs or hormones) that are involved in carbohydrate metabolism by promoting gluconeogenesis and the formation of glycogen at the expense of lipid and protein synthesis. They are steroid based and possess anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties. Glucocorticoids are also produced normally by the adrenal cortex and provide for the response to stress. (OMD) Any of a group of corticosteroids (as hydrocortisone or dexamethasone) that are involved especially in carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism, that tend to increase liver glycogen and blood sugar by increasing gluconeogenesis, that are anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive, and that are used widely in medicine (as in the alleviation of the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis) (M+)
A conjugated protein in which the nonprotein group is a carbohydrate -- called also glucoprotein. (M+)
Proteins with covalently attached sugar units, either bonded via the OH group of serine (C3H7NO3) or threonine (C4H9NO3 - O glycosylated) or through the amide NH2 of asparagine (C4H8N2O3 - N glycosylated).
Includes most secreted proteins (serum albumin is the major exception) and proteins exposed at the outer surface of the plasma membrane. Sugar residues found include: mannose, N acetyl glucosamine, N acetyl galactosamine, galactose, fucose and sialic acid. (OMD)
(anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease). This autoimmune disease results from severe inflammation in the basement membranes of the glomerulus and the alveolus of the lung. Inflammation occurs due to the formation of antibodies to components of the basement membrane at both sites. Symptoms include bloody urine, decreased urine output, cough with bloody sputum, weakness, fatigue and weight loss. Hypertension and swelling are also common findings on physical examination.
A polymorphonuclear white blood cell (such as a basophil , eosinophil , or neutrophil ) with granule-containing cytoplasm . (M+)
Chronic inflammatory lesion characterised by large numbers of cells of various types ( macrophages , lymphocytes , fibroblasts , giant cells), some degrading and some repairing the tissues. (OMD)
Any condition characterised by multiple granulomas . (OMD)
Of, relating to, or involved in the formation of blood cells. (M+)
The finding of blood in the urine. (OMD)
Four subunit globular oxygen carrying protein of the erythrocytes of vertebrates and some invertebrates.
Lysis of red blood cells with liberation of haemoglobin. (M+)
Streptococcal sore throat in its typical form is manifested by sore throat, fever, red pharynx and tonsillar exudate. It is a common infection with potentially serious complications such as rheumatic fever or glomerulonephritis .
The expectoration of blood or of blood stained sputum. (OMD)
The escape of blood from the vessels, bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm) and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma . (OMD)
A halide is a salt of a halogen. It is an electronegative element consisting of a metal united to a negative element or radical (chlorine, bromine, iodine and sometimes fluorine and cyanogen) forming a haloid salt.
Describes a nucleus, cell or organism possessing a single set of unpaired chromosomes. Gametes are haploid. (OMD)
Having the gametic number of chromosomes, that is, half the number characteristic of somatic cells. (M+)
Small antigenic determinants capable of eliciting an immune response only when coupled to a carrier. Haptens bind to antibodies but by themselves cannot elicit an antibody response. (OMD)
A small separable part of an antigen that reacts specifically with an antibody but is incapable of stimulating antibody production except in combination with an associated protein molecule. (M+)
Pain in various parts of the head, not confined to the area of distribution of any nerve. (OMD)
A subset of T-lymphocytes that acts in cooperation with B-lymphocytes to permit antibody formation. (OMD)
Sulphated mucopolysaccharide, found in granules of mast cells, that inhibits the action of thrombin on fibrinogen by potentiating antithrombins, thereby interfering with the blood clotting cascade. Platelet factor IV will neutralise heparin. (OMD)
Any of the polygonal epithelial cells of the liver that secrete bile. (M+)
Formed by decarboxylation of histidine. Potent pharmacological agent acting through receptors in smooth muscle and in secretory systems.
Stored in mast cells and released by antigen. (See hypersensitivity). Responsible for the early symptoms of anaphylaxis. Also present in some venoms. (M+)
A compound (C5H9N3) especially of mammalian tissues that causes dilatation of capillaries, contraction of smooth muscle, and stimulation of gastric acid secretion, that is released during allergic reactions. (OMD)
An amino acid with an imidazole side chain with a pKa of 6-7. Acts as a proton donor or acceptor and has high potential reactivity and diversity of chemical function. Forms part of the catalytic site of many enzymes. (OMD)
Long lived resident macrophage found within tissues. (OMD)
A nonmotile macrophage of extravascular tissues and especially connective tissue. (M+)
The study of cells and tissue on the microscopic level
Any of various simple water-soluble proteins that are rich in the basic amino acids lysine and arginine and are complexed with DNA in the nucleosomes of eukaryotic chromatin and chromosomes. They may act as non-specific repressors of gene transcription. (OMD)
Of, relating to, proceeding from or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. (OMD)
1: of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humor (such as a hormone) <humoral control of sugar metabolism>
2: relating to or being the part of immunity or the immune response that involves antibodies secreted by B-cells and circulating in bodily fluids. (M+)
An unstable compound (H2O2) used especially as an oxidizing and bleaching agent and as an antiseptic. (M+)
Hydrogen peroxide is produced by vertebrate phagocytes and is used in bacterial killing (the myeloperoxidase halide system). (OMD)
A peripheral vasodilator used as an antihypertensive agent. (OMD)
The splitting of a compound into fragments by the addition of water, the hydroxyl group (OH) being incorporated in one fragment and the hydrogen atom (H) in the other. (OMD)
A chemical process of decomposition involving the splitting of bond and the addition of the hydrogen cation and the hydroxide anion of water. (M+)
A hydrate; a substance containing hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O), made by combining water (H2O) with an oxide, and yielding water by elimination. The hydroxides are regarded as compounds of hydroxyl (OH), united usually with basic element or radical; as, calcium hydroxide ethyl hydroxide. (OMD)
A compound radical, or unsaturated group, HO, consisting of one atom of hydrogen and one of oxygen. It is a characteristic part of the hydrates, the alcohols, the oxygen acids, etc. (OMD)
Hydroxyl. The univalent radical OH. This radical is characteristic of hydroxides, oxygen acids, alcohols, glycols, phenols, and hemiacetals. (OMD)
The presence of an abnormal excess of cells (as in bone marrow). (M+)
Increased fats in the bloodstream. One can see the fat globules in blood specimens which are particularly high in fats with the naked eye. (OMD)
A state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to a foreign substance. Hypersensitivity reactions are classified as immediate or delayed, types I and IV, respectively, in the Gell and Coombs classification of immune responses. (OMD)
Abnormally high arterial blood pressure. (M+)
An oxyacid of chlorine containing monovalent chlorine that acts as an oxidizing or reducing agent.
It is derived from chlorine, not known in a pure state, but forming various salts, called hypochlorites. (OMD)
An unstable strongly oxidizing but weak acid (HCLO) obtained in solution along with hydrochloric acid by reaction of chlorine with water and used especially in the form of salts as an oxidizing agent, bleaching agent, disinfectant, and chlorinating agent. (M+)
Reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. (cf. Anoxia). (OMD)Hypoxia:
hypersensitivity in which exposure to an antigen produces an immediate or almost immediate reaction. (M+)
Multimolecular antibody antigen complexes that may be soluble or insoluble depending upon their size and whether or not complement is present . Immune complexes can be filtered from plasma in the kidney and the deposition of the complexes gives rise to glomerulonephritis probably because of the trapping of neutrophils via their Fc receptors. (OMD)
(Ig) see Antibody . Types include: IgA, IgG, IgB, IgD, IgE, and IgM. Most immunoglobulins are IgG (they migrate in the gamma region during electrophoresis ).
The development of disease as affected by the immune system. (M+)
An area of tissue death due to a local lack of oxygen. (OMD)
The formation of an infarct. (OMD)
A general term that encompasses several disease processes, most commonly, ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease . (OMD)
The term "Innate immunity" (non-specific or basic immunity) refers to the the first line of defense (pre-existing) that a species possesses against infection. This includes local barriers to infection such as skin, stomach acid, mucous, the cough reflex, enzymes in tears and saliva and skin oils.
Superfamily of cell surface proteins that are involved in binding to extracellular matrix components in some cases. Most are heterodimeric with a subunit of 95 kD that is conserved through the superfamily and a more variable subunit of 150-170 kD. The first examples described were fibronectin and vitronectin receptors of fibroblasts, which bind to an RGD (Arg Gly Asp) sequence in the ligand protein, though the context of the RGD seems important and there is also a divalent cation dependence. Subsequently the platelet IIb/IIIa surface glycoprotein (fibronectin and fibrinogen receptor) and the LFA 1 class of leucocyte surface protein were recognised as integrins, together with the VLA surface protein. The requirement for the RGD sequence in the ligand does not seem to be invariable. (OMD)
A family of glycoproteins derived from human cells which normally has a role in fighting viral infections by preventing virus multiplication in cells. They are secreted by vertebrate cells in response to a wide variety of inducers and confer resistance against many different viruses, inhibit proliferation of normal and malignant cells, impede multiplication of intracellular parasites, enhance macrophage and granulocyte phagocytosis , augment natural killer cell activity, and show several other immunomodulatory functions. Interferon-alpha is made by leucocytes and interferon-gamma by fibroblasts after viral infection. Interferon-alpha and -beta are also called type I interferons, interferon-gamma as Type II interferons, more usually classed as cytokines . (OMD)
A variety of naturally occuring polypeptides that are members of the family of cytokines which affect functions of specific cell types and are found in small quantities. They are secreted regulatory proteins produced by lymphocytes, monocytes and various other cell types and are released by cells in response to antigenic and non-antigenic stimuli.
Interleukins are of the larger class of T-cell products, lymphokines which are now more frequently considered as cytokines. The interleukins, of which there are 12 identified to date, modulate inflammation and immunity by regulating growth, mobility and differentiation of lymphoid and other cells. Included among the cytokines are cachectin and lymphotoxin which are now known as tumour necrosis factor-alpha and tumour necrosis factor-beta, respectively.
Interleukin-1 inhibitors are the first well-described proteins involved in the feedback regulation of interleukin activities. The origin and functions of the two most novel cytokines, interleukin-11 and interleukin-12 (also referred to as natural killer cell stimulatory factor), have only recently begun to be understood. (OMD)
A cytokine that activates neutrophils and attracts neutrophils and T-lymphocytes.
It is released by several cell types including monocytes, macrophages, T-lymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells, and keratinocytes by an inflammatory stimulus. Il-8 is a member of the beta-thromboglobulin superfamily and structurally related to platelet factor 4. (OMD)
Between lobules; as, the interlobular branches of the portal vein. (OMD)
A group of lung disorders which result in scarring and dysfunction of the alveolus (air sac ) in the lung. This results in poor oxygen diffusion from the air into the bloodstream . Widespread inflammation in the lung leads to fibrosis (scarring). Causes include chronic exposure to organic and inorganic dusts, fumes, vapors, radiation , medications and certain lung infections . Examples include asbestosis , silicosis , coal worker's pneumoconiosis and diffuse interstitial fibrosis . Smoking increases the risk in all cases . (OMD)
Atomic particle, atom or chemical radical bearing an electric charge, either negative or positive.
Inflammation of the iris, usually marked by pain, congestion in the ciliary region, photophobia, contraction of the pupil and discolouration of the iris. (OMD)
Deficient supply of blood to a body part (as the heart or brain) that is due to obstruction of the inflow of arterial blood (as by the narrowing of arteries by spasm or disease). (M+)
Ischemia is the condition suffered by tissues & organs when deprived of blood flow -- mostly the effects of inadequate nutrient & oxygen. Reperfusion injury refers to the tissue damage inflicted when blood flow is restored after an ischemic period of more than about ten minutes. Ischemia and reperfusion can cause serious brain damage in stroke or cardiac arrest.
Precipitating factors: volvulus , carcinoma , cardiovascular disease, history of aortoiliac reconstruction (2%) with ligation of IMA , abrupt onset of lower abdominal pain and rectal bleeding, location: splenic flexure (80%) and rectosigmoid ( watershed areas ), BE: single contrast preferred (lesions may become effaced with double contrast), serrated mucosa ; pseudopolyposis; transverse ridging; thumbprinting on mesenteric side; deep ulcers, CT: thickening of wall; irregular lumen (thumbrinting), curvilinear collection of intramural gas, portal and mesenteric venous air, blood clot in superior mesenteric artery / superior mesenteric vein, Angio (similar to inflammatory disease): normal / slightly attenuated arterial supply, mild acceleration of arteriovenous transit time. (OMD)
An orally administered drug used to eliminate tuberculosis infection in people without active disease. INH is also administered in combination with other drugs to treat active tuberculosis. Side effects include liver impairment and peripheral neuropathy. (OMD)
A sharply elevated, irregularly shaped, progressively enlarging scar due to the formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the corium during connective tissue repair. (OMD)
One of a number of widely differing substances having pronounced and dramatic physiological effects. Some (e.g., kallidin and bradykinin) are polypeptides, formed in blood by proteolysis secondary to some pathological process, that stimulate visceral smooth muscle but relax vascular smooth muscle, thus producing vasodilation. (OMD)
Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that serves as a homing receptor for lymphocytes to lymph node high endothelial venules. (OMD)
Proteins obtained particularly from the seeds of leguminous plants, but also from many other plant and animal sources, that have binding sites for specific mono or oligosaccharides in cell walls or membranes. They thereby change the physiology of the membrane to cause agglutination, mitosis, or other biochemical changes in the cell.
Named originally for the ability of some to selectively agglutinate human red blood cells of particular blood groups. Lectins such as concanavalin A and wheat germ agglutinin are widely used as analytical and preparative agents in the study of glycoproteins. (OMD)
An acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm blooded animals that involves the blood forming organs, is characterised by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood and is classified according of the type of leucocyte most prominently involved. (OMD)
see White blood cell .
Cutaneous acute vasculitis characterised clinically by palpable purpura , especially of the legs, and histologically by exudation of the neutrophils and sometimes fibrin around dermal venules , with nuclear dust and extravasation of red cells; may be limited to the skin or involve other tissues as in Henoch-Schonlein purpura. (OMD)
The leukocyte adhesion cascade is a sequence of adhesion and activation events that ends with extravasation of the leukocyte, whereby the cell exerts its effects on the inflamed site.
At least five steps of the adhesion cascade are capture, rolling, slow rolling, firm adhesion, and transmigration.
A family of hydroxyeicosotrienenoic (HETE) acid derivatives in which the lipid moiety is conjugated to glutathione or cysteine and that are generated in basophils, mast cells, macrophages and human lung tissue by lipoxygenase-catalyzed oxygenation
- especially of arachidonic acid and that participate in allergic responses (as bronchoconstriction in asthma) -- see slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis.
Members of the group are potent pharmacological mediators, for example SRS A, the slow reacting substance of anaphylaxis - a mixture of three leukotrienes produced in anaphylaxis that causes contraction of smooth muscle after minutes in contrast to histamine which acts in seconds and that is probably responsible for the bronchoconstriction occurring in anaphylaxis.
Leucotriene C4 (LTC4) is one of the highest affinity substrates of the multiple drug resistance protein 1 (MRP1 or ABCC1) which transports anticancer drugs and normal cell metabolites.
Any molecule that binds to a receptor - in normal usage a soluble molecule such as a hormone or neurotransmitter.
The decision as to which is the ligand and which the receptor is often a little arbitrary when the broader sense of "receptor" is used (where there is no implication of transduction of signal). In these cases it is probably a good rule to consider the ligand to be the smaller of the two. Thus in a lectin sugar interaction, the sugar would be the ligand (even though it is attached to a much larger molecule) - recognition is of the saccharide. (OMD)
Any of a heterogeneous group of fats and fatlike substances characterised by being water insoluble and being extractable by nonpolar (or fat) solvents such as alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, etc. All (lipids) contain as a major constituent aliphatic hydrocarbons. The lipids, which are easily stored in the body, serve as a source of fuel, are an important constituent of cell structure and serve other biological functions. Lipids may be considered to include fatty acids, neutral fats, waxes and steroids. Compound lipids comprise the glycolipids, lipoproteins and phospholipids. (OMD)
A persistent purplish network-patterned discoloration of the skin caused by dilation of capillaries and venules due to stasis or changes in underlying blood vessels including hyalinisation ; rarely appears as a developmental defect. (OMD)
Having to do with a lobe. For example, lobar pneumonia. (OMD)
The almost colourless fluid that bathes body tissues and is found in the lymphatic vessels that drain the tissues of the fluid that filters across the blood vessel walls from blood. Lymph carries lymphocytes that have entered the lymph nodes from the blood. OMD
The tissues and organs (including the bone marrow, spleen, thymus and lymph nodes) that produce and store cells that fight infection and the network of vessels that carry lymph. (OMD)
A structure found within the lymphatic system that consists of lymphocytes within a network of fibres. (OMD)
White cell of the blood that are derived from stem cells of the lymphoid series . Two main classes are recognised, T- and B- lymphocytes, the latter responsible (when activated) for production of antibody , the former subdivided into subsets (helper, suppressor, cytotoxic T-cells ) and responsible both for cell-mediated immunity and for stimulating B-cells . (OMD)
Any of various soluble protein factors (such as an interleukin) of low molecular weight that are not antibodies, are secreted by activated T-cells in response to stimulation by antigens, and have a primary role (such as the activation of macrophages or the enhancement or inhibition of antibody production) in cell-mediated immunity.
A (usually) malignant tumour of lymphoid tissue. (M+)
An angiocentric and angiodestructive lymphoreticular proliferative disorder primarily involving the lungs. Histologically it simulates malignant lymphoma and in some cases may progress to lymphoma. (OMD)
A process of disintegration or dissolution (as of cells). (M+)
A saclike cellular organelle that contains various hydrolytic enzymes. (M+)
Cytoplasmic elements capable of producing rupture of cell membranes and loss of cytoplasm (see for example collegenase, protease, elastase).
A phagocytic tissue cell of the mononuclear phagocyte system that may be fixed or freely motile, is derived from a monocyte , and functions in the protection of the body against infection and noxious substances. (M+)
A chemokine that is chemotactic for neutrophils and monocytes, stimulates macrophages, and may play a role in regulating haematopoiesis. Its two variants, mip-1alpha and mip-1beta, are 60% homologous to each other.
They are heparin-binding proteins that exhibit a number of inflammatory and immunoregulatory activities. Originally identified as secretory products of macrophages, these chemokines are produced by a variety of cell types including neutrophils, fibroblasts, and epithelial cells.
They most likely also play a significant role in respiratory tract defenses. (OMD)
A special imaging technique used to image internal stuctures of the body, particularly the soft tissues. An MRI image is often superior to a normal X-ray image. It uses the influence of a large magnet to polarize hydrogen atoms in the tissues and then monitors the summation of the spinning energies within living cells. (OMD)
A toxic cationic protein that is the principal protein found in the granules of eosinophils and that is capable of damaging tissue (as of the eye) if released into extracellular spaces. (M+)
(MHC) - The set of gene loci molecules in mammals specifying major histocompatibility antigens displayed on cell surfaces that are responsible for lymphocyte recognition and antigen presentation.
For example HLA (the alleles occurring at four loci on the short arm of chromosome 6) in man, H2 in mice, RLA in rabbits, RT1 in rats, DLA in dogs, SLA in pigs, etc.
The MHC molecules control the immune response through recognition of "self" and "non-self" and, consequently, serve as targets in transplantation rejection.
The Class I and Class II MHC molecules belong to a group of molecules known as the Immunoglobulin Supergene Family, which includes immunoglobulins, T-cell receptors, CD4, CD8, and others.
A large cell that occurs especially in connective tissue and has basophilic granules containing substances (as histamine and heparin) which mediate allergic reactions. (M+)
An object or substance (such as an enzyme, hormone or a neuropeptide) by which some (chemical or biological) process is mediated. An intermediate agency, the third agent that connects, or also as in catalyst.
The inner portion of an organ.
(MAC) - The C5-9 membrane attack complex is formed by the activation of C5 to form C5b by either the classical or alternative pathways. C5b sits in the target cell membrane and sequentially binds C6 to C8. The new complex then binds 8 or 9 molecules of C9 which compose the walls of a pore spanning the target cell membrane. The pore permits small molecules to pass to the inside with subsequent lysis and death of the target cell.
Referring to the mesangium: A central part of the renal glomerulus between capillaries; mesangial cells are phagocytic and for the most part separated from capillary lumina by endothelial cells.
Extraglomerular mesangium, mesangial cells that fill the triangular space between the macula densa and the afferent and efferent arterioles of the juxtaglomerular apparatus. (OMD)
A thin membrane that gives support to the capillaries surrounding the tubule of a nephron. (M+)
Relating to the mesenchyme.
Embryonic tissue of mesodermal origin. (OMD)
Middle of the three germ layers, gives rise to the musculoskeletal, blood, vascular and urinogenital systems, to connective tissue (including that of dermis) and contributes to some glands. (OMD)
Pertaining to, or derived from, the mesoderm; as, mesodermal tissues.
Middle of the three germ layers, gives rise to the musculoskeletal, blood, vascular and urinogenital systems, to connective tissue (including that of dermis) and contributes to some glands. (OMD)
Response of phagocytes to particles (particularly if opsonised) and to agonists such as formyl peptides and phorbol esters, an enhanced uptake of oxygen leads to the production, by an NADH dependent system, of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide anions and hydroxyl radicals, all of which play a part in bactericidal activity. (OMD)
The sum of all the physical and chemical processes by which living organised substance is produced and maintained (anabolism) and also the transformation by which energy is made available for the uses of the organism (catabolism). (OMD)
Any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. (OMD)
Any of various round or long cellular organelles of most eukaryotes that are found outside the nucleus, produce energy for the cell through cellular respiration, and are rich in fats, proteins, and enzymes. (M+)
A substance which is able to induce mitosis of certain eukaryotic cells.
A method of indirect division of a cell , consisting of a complex of various processes , by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species . Mitosis, the process by which the body grows and replaces cells , is divided into four phases .
NOTE: the term mitosis is used interchangeably with cell division , but strictly speaking it refers to nuclear division , whereas cytokinesis refers to division of the cytoplasm . In some cells , as in many fungi and the fertilized eggs of many insects , nuclear division occurs within the cell unaccompanied by division of the cytoplasm and formation of daughter cells . (OMD)
Produced by, being, or composed of cells derived from a single cell <a monoclonal tumour> ; especially - relating to or being an antibody derived from a single cell in large quantities for use against a specific antigen (as a cancer cell). (M+) Thus Monoclonal antibody therapy .
(Mabs) - A substance, usually a protein, which can be synthsised in the laboratory in pure form by a single clone (population) of cells.
These antibodies can be made in large quantities and have a specific affinity for certain target molecules called antigens which can be found on the surface of cells and those that are malignant.
Monoclonal antibodies are currently being investigated as a possible form of cancer treatment although their benefit has not be fully proven. (OMD)
A large white blood cell with finely granulated chromatin dispersed throughout the nucleus that is formed in the bone marrow, enters the blood, and migrates into the connective tissue where it differentiates into a macrophage . (M+)
Inflammation of a single nerve. (OMD)
Disorder involving a single nerve. (OMD)
Inflammation of several nerves usually in unrelated portions of the body. (OMD)
Having only one nucleus.
A sugar not decomposable to simpler sugars by hydrolysis - called also simple sugar . (M+) eg: glucose
The form and structure of an organism or any of its parts. (M+)
Capable of movement.
See Magnetic Resonance Imaging .
Of or pertaining to a wall. (OMD)
Pain in a muscle or muscles. (OMD)
Bacteria with unusual cell walls that are resistant to digestion, being waxy, very hydrophobic and rich in lipid, especially esterified mycolic acids. Staining properties differ from those of gram-negative and gram-positive organisms, being acid-fast. Many are intracellular parasites, causing serious diseases such as leprosy and tuberculosis. Mycobacteria cell walls have strong immunostimulating (adjuvant) properties due to muramyl dipeptide (MDP). Mycobacterium bovis causes tuberculosis in cattle, attenuated strain is Bacille Calmette-Guerin (BCG), used for immunisation. Mycobacterium leprae is the causative agent of leprosy. Mycobacterium microti is a mycobacterium that causes tuberculosis like disease in small rodents (Microtus microtus is the vole), will infect mice but not humans and is therefore much used as a laboratory model. Releases large amounts of cAMP which may inhibit lysosome phagosome fusion. Mycobacterium tuberculosis Is an obligate anaerobic nonmotile bacterium, causative agent of tuberculosis in humans. Lives intracellularly in macrophages. (OMD)
A group of disorders characterised by low white blood cell counts, low platelet counts, and, in some cases, increased monocytes . The primary problem is in the bone marrow cellularity. (OMD)
Myeloperoxidase is a peroxidase found in the lysosomal granules of myeloid cells, particularly macrophages and neutrophils. It is responsible for generating potent bacteriocidal activity by the hydrolysis of hydrogen peroxide (produced in the metabolic burst) in the presence of halide ions. Deficiency of myeloperoxidase is not fatal and it is reportedly absent entirely in chickens.
Formation of the tissue elements of bone marrow, or any of the types of blood cells derived from bone marrow; or both processes. (OMD)
Pertaining to or characterised by unusual proliferation of myelopoietic tissue. (OMD)
Collective term for the nonlymphocyte groups of white blood cells. It includes cells from the granulocyte, monocyte and platelet lineages. (OMD)
Inflammation of the myocardium - the middle layer of the muscular wall of the heart.
An unpleasant sensation , vaguely referred to the epigastrium and abdomen and often culminating in vomiting . (OMD)
The sum of the morphological changes indicative of cell death and caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes ; it may affect groups of cells or part of a structure or an organ. (OMD)
Large granular lymphocytes which do not express markers of either T or B-cell lineage. These cells do possess Fc receptors for IgG and can kill target cells using antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity . NK cells can also use perforin to kill cells in the absence of antibody . Killing may occur without previous sensitization. (OMD)
Affected with necrosis; as, necrotic tissue; characterised by, or producing, necrosis; as, a necrotic process. (OMD)
The sum of the morphological changes indicative of cell death and caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes, it may affect groups of cells or part of a structure or an organ. (OMD)
Death of living tissue; specifically: death of a portion of tissue differentially affected by local injury (as loss of blood supply, corrosion, burning, or the local lesion of a disease). (M+)
Hence "necrotising"; the causing of tissue death.
A relatively uncommon (affecting 1 out of 10,000 people) form of acute glomerulonephritis that results in damage within the glomerulus of the kidney. There is rapid loss of kidney function with the formation of crescents on microscopic analysis (kidney biopsy). This disorder may result in acute glomerulonephritis or nephrotic syndrome , but ultimately results in renal failure and end-stage renal disease. Symptoms include smoky coloured urine (pyuria), decreased urine output, swelling and hypertension . Any conditions which can cause a vasculitis increase the risk of this disorder. Some examples include lupus , Henoch-Schonlein purpura, IgA nephropathy , membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, anti-glomerular basement membrane antibody disease ( Goodpasture's syndrome ), history for malignant tumours and exposure to hydrocarbon solvents. (OMD)
(See Positive Selection)
Inflammation of the kidney, a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus , tubule or interstitial renal tissue. (OMD)
The structural and functional unit of the vertebrate kidney. It is made up of the glomerulus, Bowman's capsule and the convoluted tubule. (OMD)
A single excretory unit especially of the vertebrate kidney, typically consisting of a Malpighian corpuscle, proximal convoluted tubule, loop of Henle, distal convoluted tubule, collecting tubule, and vascular and supporting tissues and discharging by way of a renal papilla into the renal pelvis. (M+)
A type of nephritis that is characterised by low serum albumin, large amount of protein in the urine and swelling ( oedema ). Swelling, weight gain, high blood pressure and anorexia are key features. Nephrotic syndrome can be seen with a number of illnesses that cause damage to the kidney glomerulus . Examples include diabetes, hereditary disorders, lupus , multiple myeloma, amyloidosis, glomerulonephritis, minimal change disease and membranous glomerulonephritis . (OMD)
A general term denoting functional disturbances and/or pathological changes in the peripheral nervous system. If the involvement is in one nerve it is called mononeuropathy , in several nerves, mononeuropathy multiplex , if diffuse and bilateral, polyneuropathy . (OMD)
A granulocyte that is the chief phagocytic white blood cell .
This compound (NO) is produced from L. arginine by the enzyme nitric oxide synthase. Acts as a potent vasorelaxant via elevation of intracellular cGMP in vascular smooth muscle.
Synthesis of nitric oxide is not confined to endothelium, isoforms of nitric oxide synthase are also found in brain, neutrophils and platelets.
Synonym: endothelium derived relaxation factor. (OMD)
A poisonous colorless gas (NO) that occurs as a common air pollutant formed by the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen and that is also formed by the oxidation of arginine in the mammalian body where it acts as a mediator of intracellular and intercellular communication regulating numerous biological processes (as vasodilation and neurotransmission). (M+)
A small rounded or irregular lump, swelling or collection of tissue.
Fragments of cell nucleii. When a cell dies, its nucleus shrivels and becomes composed entirely of heterochromatin. Later the nucleus can break up into fragments ("nuclear dust") or even disappear.
Highly complex portions of nucleoproteins that yield a mixture of purines and pyrimidines, a ribose or deoxyribose component, and phosphoric acid on complete hydrolysis . The two general types are ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). (OMD)
The presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body, usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Oedema may be localised, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of oedema fluid are designated according to the site, for example ascites (peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity) and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalised oedema is called anasarca. (OMD)
Any of various proteins (such as complement or antibodies) that bind to foreign particles and microorganisms (such as bacteria) making them more susceptible to the action of phagocytes. (M+)
Protein substance that binds to the surface of a particle and enhances the uptake of the particle by a phagocyte. Probably the most important in mammals derive from complement (C3b or C3bi) or immunoglobulins which are bound through the Fc receptor. (OMD)
A process through which a cell or microbe is treated with opsonin to make it more vulnerable to being engulfed by a phagocyte. Often done simply by incubating particles (e.g. Zymosan) with fresh serum. (OMD)
A specialized cellular part (such as mitochondria , lysosomes , ribosomes ) that is analogous to an organ. (M+)
An opening; a passage.
Inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus and vertigo. (OMD)
A binary compound of oxygen with a more electropositive element or chemical group. (M+)
Any element (but especially a metal) that has formed a binary compound with oxygen. (OMD)
Examples include Iron oxide (rust) FeO2, Nitrous oxide (laughing gas) N2O and Carbon dioxide (CO2).
Cell adhesion molecule and CD antigen that mediates the adhesion of neutrophils and monocytes to activated platelets and endothelial cells. (OMD)
see Purpura.
Acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease, less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia , hyperparathyroidism , abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis or uraemia. (OMD)
Vascularised granulation tissue rich in fibroblasts , lymphocytes and macrophages , derived from synovial tissue, overgrows the bearing surface of the joint in rheumatoid arthritis and is associated with the breakdown of the articular surface. (OMD)
A small circumscribed, superficial, solid elevation of the skin. (OMD)
The essential elements of an organ, used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework or stroma. (OMD)
The origin and development of disease
1: the study of the essential nature of diseases and especially of the structural and functional changes produced by them
2: the anatomic and physiological deviations from the normal that constitute disease or characterize a particular disease
3: a treatise on or compilation of abnormalities (a new pathology of the eye). (M+)
Of or pertaining to pathology. (OMD) Altered or caused by disease. (M+)
Family of proteins that share a discoid arrangement of five noncovalently linked subunits. Includes CRP and serum amyloid P. (OMD)
A compound of two or more amino acids (amide) where the alpha carboxyl group of one is bound to the alpha amino group of another. (OMD)
Usually obtained by partial hydrolysis of proteins.
Inflammation of the pericardium.
A double membranous sac which envelops and protects the heart . The layer in contact with the heart is referred to as the visceral layer, the outer layer in contact with surrounding organs is the parietal pericardium. In between the two layers is the pericardial space . (OMD)
Situated around a vessel.
A haem enzyme that catalyses reduction of hydrogen peroxide by a substrate that loses two hydrogen atoms. Within cells, may be localised in peroxisomes. Coloured reaction products allow detection of the enzyme with high sensitivity, so peroxidase coupled antibodies are widely used in microscopy and ELISA. Lactoperoxidase is used in the catalytic surface labelling of cells by radioactive iodine. (OMD)
Small red spots on the skin that usually indicate a low platelet count. (OMD) Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm) and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma . (OMD)
A cell such as a white blood cell that engulfs and consumes foreign material (eg: micro-organisms) and debris. (OMD)
The engulfing and usually the destruction of particulate matter by phagocytes that serves as an important bodily defense mechanism against infection by microorganisms and against occlusion of mucous surfaces or tissues by foreign particles and tissue debris. (M+)
The total observable properties or characteristics displayed by an organism under a particular set of environmental factors.
The phenotype of an organism is produced by the interaction of genotype and the environment, regardless of the actual genotype of the organism.
The major structural lipid of most cellular membranes ( except the chloroplast which has galactolipids). Contain phosphate , usually as a diester. (OMD)
Any of numerous lipids (as lecithins and phosphatidylethanolamines) in which phosphoric acid as well as a fatty acid is esterified to glycerol and which are found in all living cells and in the bilayers of cell membranes. (M+)
The uptake of fluid (and dissolved substance) filled vesicles into cells by invagination and pinching off of the cell membrane (endocytosis - the uptake of material into a cell by the formation of a membrane bound vesicle.). Macro pinocytosis and micro pinocytosis are distinct processes, the latter being energy independent and involving the formation of receptor ligand clusters on the outside of the plasma membrane and clathrin on the cytoplasmic face. (OMD)
The fluid part especially of blood, lymph, or milk that is distinguished from suspended material. (M+)
Specialised B-lymphocytes that produce antibodies.
A type of non-granular, basophilic leukocyte that produces antibodies. (OMD)
A lymphocyte that is a mature antibody-secreting B-cell. (M+)
A particle found in the bloodstream that binds to fibrinogen at the site of a wound to begin the blood clotting process. Platelets are formed in bone marrow, where they arise from cells called megakaryocytes . (OMD)
(Type of cytokine) Phospholipid that is produced especially by mast cells and basophils. Causes the aggregation of blood platelets and the release of blood-platelet substances (as histamine or serotonin) and is a mediator of inflammation (as in asthma). (OMD)
Potent phospholipid activator and mediator of many leucocyte functions, including platelet aggregation, inflammation, and anaphylaxis.
It is produced in response to specific stimuli by a variety of cell types, including neutrophils, basophils, platelets, and endothelial cells. Several molecular species of platelet-activating factor have been identified which vary in the length of the O-alkyl side chain. It is an important mediator of bronchoconstriction. (M+)
Synonym: platelet-aggregating factor.
The major mitogen in serum for growth in culture of cells of connective tissue origin . It consists of 2 different but homologous polypeptide s A and B (~30,000 D) linked by disulphide bonds . Believed to play a role in wound healing .
It is carried in the alpha-granules of platelets and is released when platelets adhere to traumatised tissues . Connective tissue cells near the traumatised region respond by initiating the process of replication .
The B chain is almost identical in sequence to p28sis, the transforming protein of simian sarcoma virus , that can transform only those cells that express receptors for platelet derived growth factor , suggesting that transformation is caused by autocrine stimulation . The receptor is a tyrosine kinase . (OMD
See: pluripotent cells. (OMD)
Primordial cell's that may still differentiate into various specialised types of tissue elements; e.g., mesenchymal cell's. (OMD)
A genus of bacteria that is typified by gram-positive staining and a coccal shape (round) that are usually observed microscopically in pairs. A common cause of pneumonia. (OMD)
Inflammation of the lungs with consolidation (a firm dense mass; applied especially to inflammatory induration of a normally aerated lung due to the presence of cellular exudate in the pulmonary alveoli). (OMD)
Cells of the visceral epithelium that closely invest the network of glomerular capillaries in the kidney.
Most of the cell body is not in contact with the basal lamina, but is separated from it by trabeculae that branch to give rise to club shaped protrusions, known as pedicels, interdigitating with similar processes on adjacent cells.
The complex interdigitation of these cells produces thin filtration slits that seem to be bridged by a layer of material (of unknown composition), that acts as a filter for large macromolecules. (OMD)
Of a leukocyte - having the nucleus complexly lobed, specifically being a mature neutrophil with a characteristic distinctly lobed nucleus. (M+)
Inflammatory condition of muscle of unknown aetiology. Muscle pain and weakness are common symptoms of this condition. When associated with a skin rash the condition is referred to as dermatomyositis . (OMD)
A disease process involving a number of peripheral nerves. (OMD)
A molecular chain of amino acids. (M+)
A carbohydrate that can be decomposed by hydrolysis into two or more molecules of monosaccharides ; especially - one of the more complex carbohydrates (as cellulose, starch, or glycogen) - called also glycan. (M+)
Although the earliest progenitors of T-cells are produced in the bone marrow, the development and selection of mature immunologically competent T-cells occurs in the thymus.
Indeed it is because of this thymic development that they are called T-cells. The thymus itself is responsible for the generation of two distinct lineages of T-cell, which can be discriminated on the basis of the T-cell receptors (TCRs) they express.
Positive selection allows those that have the potential to recognise foreign peptide in association with self-MHC to mature to functional T cells.
Negative selection removes potentially dangerous T-cells that recognise self-peptides.
Importantly, positive and negative selection processes can operate at the same time in development, so that a thymocyte can undergo negative selection without first being positively selected. T-cells recognise antigen on presenting cells presented in the context of MHC molecules. It is important therefore that T-cells are able to recognise peptides bound by 'self MHC' antigens in order to function appropriately.
It is the cortical epithelial cells that imposes positive selection on differentiating thymocytes. It appears that thymocytes which come into contact with and recognise MHC/peptide complexes on the epithelial cells are selected or permitted to continue their differentiation. Cells which fail to recognise MHC molecules on epithelial cells are not selected and die by a death by neglect mechanism.
However, the process of negative selection, which induces into apoptosis those cells bearing potentially autoreactive TCRs, also involves recognition of peptide/MHC complexes in the thymus, although it is generally thought that this selection process is mediated by dendritic cells.
Nevertheless, both positive and negative selection involve the TCR binding peptide/MHC complexes in the thymus, and it is still unclear how both events can operate on CD4+8+ thymocytes without cancelling each other out. Two models have been proposed to explain positive and negative selection.
The avidity model states that the response to TCR ligation by CD4+8+ thymocytes is dependent upon the number of TCRs ligated: high numbers of TCR molecules engaged results in a high avidity signal which leads to negative selection, while low numbers of TCR molecules engaged results in a low avidity signal which leads to positive seleciton.
Another model, the Antagonist peptide model, states that peptides which mediate positive selection belong to a functionally distinct group of peptides, namely antagonist peptides. Although antagonist peptides bind the TCR, they induce signals different to antigenic, or agonist peptides. Thus, in this model, antagonist peptides induce positive selection, while agonist peptides induce negative selection.
Positive selection to self-MHC/peptide complexes has long been viewed as a device for skewing the T-cell repertoire toward recognition of foreign peptides presented by self-MHC molecules. Here, we provide evidence for an alternative possibility, namely, that the self-peptides controlling positive selection in the thymus serve to maintain the longevity of mature T-cells in the periphery.
Surprisingly, when total T-cell numbers are reduced, these self-ligands become overtly stimulatory and cause naive T-cells to proliferate and undergo homeostatic expansion.
A derivative of procaine with less CNS action. It is used in cardiac arrhythmias. (OMD)
1 : an ancestor of an individual in a direct line of descent along which some or all of the ancestral genes could theoretically have passed
2 : a biologically ancestral form. (M+)
Any of the typically unicellular microorganisms that lack a distinct nucleus and membrane-bound organelles and that are classified as a kingdom (Prokaryotae synonym Monera) or into two domains (Bacteria and Archaea). (M+) Organisms , namely bacteria and cyanobacteria (formerly known as blue green algae ), characterised by the possession of a simple naked DNA chromosome , occasionally two such chromosomes , usually of circular structure , without a nuclear membrane and possessing a very small range of organelles , generally only a plasma membrane and ribosomes . (OMD) (see also Eukaryote)
A serum protein that participates in destruction of bacteria , neutralization of viruses, and lysis of red blood cells . (M+) +++ Component of the alternative pathway for complement activation: complexes with C3b and stabilises the alternative pathway C3 convertase (C3bBbP) that cleaves C3. (OMD)
Any of various oxygenated unsaturated cyclic fatty acids of animals that are formed as cyclooxygenase metabolites especially from unsaturated fatty acids (as arachidonic acid) composed of a chain of 20 carbon atoms and that perform a variety of hormone-like actions (as in controlling blood pressure or smooth muscle contraction). (M+)
A proteinase which is any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein. (OMD)
Any of numerous enzymes that hydrolyze proteins and are classified according to the most prominent functional group (as serine or cysteine) at the active site. (M+)
Nitrogenous organic compounds, containing more than about 100 amino acid residues, molecular weight 8,000-200,000, in vegetable and animal matter. Proteins yield amino acids on hydrolysis and are foods assimilated as amino acids and reconstructed in the protoplasm .
Too much protein in the urine. This may be a sign of kidney damage. (OMD)
The splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides. (OMD)
Pertaining to, characterised by or promoting proteolysis . (OMD) The enzyme involved is protease.
The organized colloidal complex of organic and inorganic substances (as proteins and water) that constitutes the living nucleus, cytoplasm, plastids, and mitochondria of the cell and is regarded as the only form of matter in which the vital phenomena (such as metabolism and reproduction) are manifested. (M+)
A mental disorder characterised by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions , hallucinations , markedly incoherent speech or disorganised and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour, the term is also used in a more general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patients capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life.
Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions , for example manic depressive psychosis , that were first described in psychotic patients , although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. (OMD)
Relating to, functioning like, associated with, or carried on by the lungs. (M+)
A series of heterocyclic compounds (ring compounds having atoms other than carbon in their nuclei) known also as purine bases. They include adenine and guanine , constituents of nucleic acids , as well as many alkaloids such as caffeine and theophylline . Uric acid is the metabolic end product of purine metabolism . (OMD)
A small haemorrhage (up to about 1 cm in diameter) in the skin, mucous membrane or serosal surface, which may be caused by various factors, including blood disorders, vascular abnormalities and trauma. (OMD) Thus palpable purpura - purpura that are able to be “palpated” or felt. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm) and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma . (OMD)
An ulcerating condition of skin resulting in heaped borders with a typical appearance. Pyoderma gangrenosum appears to be mediated by the immune system, but the exact cause is unknown. The lesion(s) usually begin as a soft nodule on the skin which proceeds to ulcerate. The ulcer enlarges and the skin at the edge is purple-red. Ulcers can become quite large. This condition is associated with several other diseases, some of which are ulcerative colitis , Crohn's disease , rheumatoid arthritis , leukaemia , and cryoglobulinaemia . Pyoderma gangrenosum is usually responsive to corticosteroids . (OMD)
(suppuration) The formation of pus, the act of becoming converted into and discharging pus. (OMD)
A family of 6-membered heterocyclic compounds (ring compounds having atoms other than carbon in their nuclei) occurring in nature in a wide variety of forms. They are planar and aromatic in character and include several nucleic acid constituents ( cytosine , thymine , and uracil ) and form the basic structure of the barbiturates.
It is the parent compound of the pyrimidine bases of nucleic acid. (OMD)
An atom or or electrically neutral group of atoms that has one or more unpaired electrons.
A herniated intervertebral disk (nucleus pulposus) is one which has become displaced (prolapsed) from its normal position in between the vertebral bodies of the spine. A clinical situation where the radicular nerve (nerve root) is compressed by the prolapsed disk is referred to as a radiculopathy . (OMD)
Any molecule that binds to another, in normal usage, a soluble molecule such as a hormone or neurotransmitter, that binds to a receptor. The decision as to which is the ligand and which the receptor is often a little arbitrary when the broader sense of receptor is used (where there is no implication of transduction of signal). In these cases it is probably a good rule to consider the ligand to be the smaller of the two thus in a lectin sugar interaction, the sugar would be the ligand (even though it is attached to a much larger molecule, recognition is of the saccharide). (OMD)
Cell specialised for oxygen transport ( erythrocyte ), having a high concentration of haemoglobin in the cytoplasm (and little else). Biconcave, anucleate discs, 7nm diameter in mammals, nucleus contracted and chromatin condensed in other vertebrates. (OMD)
Adjective usually used in describing granules within cells that scatter (refract) light. Not to be confused with refractory. (OMD)
The tuft of glomerular capillaries and the capsula glomeruli that encloses it. (OMD)
Chronic renal failure represents a slow decline in kidney function over time. Chronic renal failure may be caused by a number of disorders which include long-standing hypertension, diabetes, congestive heart failure, lupus or sickle cell anaemia. If renal function declines to a low enough level (end-stage renal disease) kidney dialysis may be necessary. A sudden decline in renal function may be triggered by a number of acute disease processes.
Examples include sepsis (infection), shock, trauma, kidney stones, kidney infection, drug toxicity (aspirin or lithium), poisons or toxins (drug abuse) or after injection with an iodinated contrast dye (adverse effect). Both forms of renal failure result in a life-threatening metabolic derangement. OMD
Defective function of the kidneys, with accumulation of waste products (particularly nitrogenous) in the blood. (OMD)
see "Metabolic Burst"
The restoration of blood flow to an organ or tissue. After a heart attack, an immediate goal is to quickly open blocked arteries and reperfuse the heart muscles. Early reperfusion minimises the extent of heart muscle damage and preserves the pumping function of the heart. (OMD)
Disease involving inflammation of joints and damage to heart valves that follows streptococcal infection and is believed to be autoimmune , i.e. Antibodies to streptococcal components cross react with host tissue antigens .
Chronic inflammatory disease in which there is destruction of joints. Considered by some to be an autoimmune disorder in which immune complexes are formed in joints and excite an inflammatory response (complex mediated hypersensitivity). Cell-mediated (type IV) hypersensitivity also occurs and macrophages accumulate. This in turn leads to the destruction of the synovial lining (see pannus). (OMD)
(RF) Complex of IgG and anti-IgG formed in joints in rheumatoid arthritis . Serum rheumatoid factors are more usually formed from IgM antibodies directed against IgG. (OMD)
Any of the RNA- and protein-rich cytoplasmic organelles that are sites of protein synthesis. (M+)
(ribonucleic acid) A nucleic acid found in all living cells. Plays a role in transferring information from DNA to the protein -forming system of the cell. (OMD)
A genus of trematode flukes belonging to the family schistosomatidae. There are over a dozen species. These parasites are found in man and other mammals. Snails are the intermediate hosts. (OMD)
Common name for a member of the genus Schistosoma.
An immature schistosome in the body of the definitive host. (M+)
Hardening of skin. (OMD)
Group of cell adhesion molecules that bid to carbohydrates via a lectin like domain. The name is derived from select and lectin.
They are integral membrane glycoproteins with an N terminal, C type lectin domain, followed by an EGF like domain, a variable number of repeats of the short consensus sequence of complement regulatory proteins and a single transmembrane domain.
Three selectins have been identified and are distinguished by capital letters based on the source of the original identification i.e. E selectin, L selectin and P selectin. (OMD)
A neurotransmitter and hormone (176 kD), found in vertebrates, invertebrates and plants. It is synthesised from the amino acid tryptophan by enterochromaffin cells in the gut and bronchi. It is metabolised to 5-HIAA in the liver and then excreted in the urine.
Serotonin is measured on a venipuncture specimen in cases of suspected carcinoid syndrome (where it will be elevated). The normal range is 101 to 283 ng/ml.
A phenolic amine neurotransmitter C10H12N2O that is a powerful vasoconstrictor and is found especially in the brain, blood serum, and gastric mucous membrane of mammals -- called also 5-HT, 5-hydroxytryptamine. (M+)
Acronym: 5-HT (OMD)
A hypersensitivity response ( type III) to the injection of large amounts of antigen , as might happen when large amounts of antiserum are given in a passive immunisation . The effects are caused by the presence of soluble immune complexes in the tissues . (OMD)
Inflammation of a sinus . The condition may be purulent or nonpurulent, acute or chronic . Depending on the site of involvement it is known as ethmoid , frontal , maxillary or sphenoid sinusitis. (OMD)
An immunologic disorder characterised by progressive destruction of the exocrine glands (sweat glands, lacrimal glands, salivary glands). Symptoms include dry eyes, dry mouth, persistent cough (dry airways) and lack of saliva. Approximately 30% also have rheumatoid arthritis. Kidney involvement (kidney dysfunction) is seen in 40% of patients. Affects predominately females in their thirties to forties. The lungs, peripheral nerves, blood vessels (vasculitis) and thyroid may also be affected. (OMD) Treatment to overcome dry eyes and mouth are commonly available and depending on the nature and severity of symptoms, other medications are available, including non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), corticosteroids, and immunosuppressive drugs.
Smooth muscle tissue in vertebrates is made up from long tapering cells that may be anything from 20-500m long. Smooth muscle is generally involuntary and differs from striated muscle in the much higher actin/myosin ratio, the absence of conspicuous sarcomeres and the ability to contract to a much smaller fraction of its resting length. Smooth muscle cells are found particularly in blood vessel walls, surrounding the intestine (particularly the gizzard in birds) and in the uterus. The contractile system and its control resemble those of motile tissue cells (e.g. Fibroblasts, leucocytes) and antibodies against smooth muscle myosin will cross react with myosin from tissue cells, whereas antibodies against skeletal muscle myosin will not. (OMD)
1. Pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. (OMD)
Of, relating to, or affecting the body especially as distinguished from the germ plasm or psych. (M+)
2. Pertaining to the wall of a body in contrast to the viscera. (OMD)
Any of the cells of the body that compose the tissues, organs, and parts of that individual other than the germ cells. (M+)
1. A small plug or wooden pin, used to stop a vent, as in a cask.
2. A small tube or spout inserted in a tree for conducting sap, as from a sugar maple.
3. A large stake driven into the ground as a support for some superstructure; a pile. Spile hole, a small air hole in a cask; a vent. (OMD)
Any bacterium of the genus Streptococcus ; broadly - a coccus occurring in chains. (M+)
A genus of spherical or ovoid chiefly nonmotile and parasitic gram-positive bacteria (family Streptococcaceae) that divide only in one plane, occur in pairs or chains, and include important pathogens of humans and domestic animals. (M+)
An acute infection of the subcutaneous fascia resulting in its necrosis and gangrene of the overlying skin. It is associated with severe malaise, fever, prostration and prolonged morbidity. The fatality rate is high in spite of prompt treatment with penicillin and surgical excision. The speed with which such infections develop is matched by few other infectious organisms.
Plasminogen activator released by Streptococcus pyogenes. Occurs in two forms, A and B. (OMD) A proteolytic enzyme from haemolytic streptococci active in promoting dissolution of blood clots. (M+)
A condition due to the lack of oxygen to the brain which may lead to reversible or irreversible paralysis.
The damage to a group of nerve cells in the brain is often due to interrupted blood flow, caused by a blood clot or blood vessel bursting. Depending on the area of the brain that is damaged, a stroke can cause coma, paralysis, speech problems and dementia. (OMD)
A supporting layer of loose connective tissue directly under a mucous membrane -- called also tela submucosa. (M+)
A harmful derivative of oxygen capable of oxidative destruction of cell components. (OMD)
A subset of lymphocytes suppressing T-lymphocyte or B-lymphocyte antigen-dependent responses.
Cells of the immune system that inhibit or help to terminate an immune response. For example, suppressor macrophages and suppressor T-cells. (OMD)
A disease, probably autoimmune with antinuclear and other antibodies in plasma. Immune complex deposition in the glomerular capillaries is a particular problem.
A multisystem disorder of unknown aetiology. It is characterised by fibrosis (scarring) of the skin, blood vessels and internal organs. Involvement of the gastrointestinal tract, heart, kidneys and lungs is common. (OMD)
Any of several lymphocytes (as in helper T-cell) that differentiate in the thymus, possess highly specific cell-surface antigen receptors, and include some that control the initiation or suppression of cell-mediated and humoral immunity (such as by the regulation of T- and B-cell maturation and proliferation) and others that lyse antigen-bearing cells - called also T-lymphocyte . (M+)
A subset of lymphocytes that secrete various cytokines that regulate the immune response. They are T-lymphocytes specifically involved in the differentiation of B-lymphocytes into antibody secreting cells. Loss of T-helper cells, is seen in patients with HIV infection, and this produces immunosuppression. Macrophages attract T-helper cells and present an antigen onto which the T-helper cell binds. The T-helper cell is then activated and produces and secretes potent cytokine hormones that stimulate B-cell production of antibodies, signals natural killer or cytotoxic T-cells, and attracts more macrophages. There are subsets of T-helper cells: TH1 helping with (cellular) immunity and TH2 with (humoral) immunity. (OMD)
Immunised T-lymphocytes which can directly destroy appropriate target cells. These cytotoxic lymphocytes may be generated in vitro in mixed lymphocyte cultures (mlc), in vivo during a graft-versus-host (gvh) reaction, or after immunization with an allograft, tumour cell or virally transformed or chemically modified target cell. The lytic phenomenon is sometimes referred to as cell-mediated lympholysis (cml). These cells are distinct from natural killer cells and from killer cells mediating antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. (OMD)
(TH2) - Subpopulation of CD4+ lymphocytes that cooperate with other lymphocytes (either T or B) to initiate a variety of immune functions. For example, helper-inducer T-cells cooperate with B-cells to produce antibodies to thymus-dependent antigens and with other subpopulations of T-cells to initiate a variety of cell-mediated immune functions. (OMD)
Subpopulation of CD8+ T-lymphocytes which suppress antibody production or inhibit cellular immune responses. Suppressor-effector cells execute the message received from suppressor-inducer cells (T-lymphocytes, suppressor-inducer). (OMD)
(TH1) - Subpopulation of CD4+ lymphocytes which induce CD8+ suppressor T-cells (T-lymphocytes, suppressor-effector) to suppress antibody production by B-cells. They also stimulate other cellular immune responses. (OMD)
Subject to alteration or destruction by heat.
Unstable when heated; specifically: subject to loss of characteristic properties on being heated to or above 55°C <thermolabile enzymes and vitamins> (M+)
The formation or presence of a blood clot (thrombus) within a blood vessel.
An aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin, with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. (OMD)
The lymphoid organ in which T lymphocytes are educated, mature and multiply. It is composed of stroma (thymic epithelium) and lymphocytes, almost entirely of the T-cell lineage. In mammals the thymus is just anterior to the heart within the rib cage. The thymus tends to atrophy as the animal matures. OMD
An especially reactive atom or group of atoms that has one or more unpaired electrons; especially one that is produced in the body by natural biological processes or introduced from outside (as in tobacco smoke, toxins, or pollutants) and that can damage cells, proteins and DNA by altering their chemical structure. (M+)
(TNF) A protein that is produced chiefly by monocytes and macrophages in response especially to endotoxins. It mediates inflammation and induces the destruction of some tumor cells and the activation of white blood cells (leucocytes). (M+)
TNF was originally described as a tumour inhibiting factor in the blood of animals exposed to bacterial lipopolysaccharide or Bacille Calmette-Guerin, TNF preferentially kills tumour cells in vivo and in vitro. It causes necrosis of certain transplanted tumours in mice and inhibits experimental metastases. Human Tumour Necrosis factor alpha is a protein of 157 amino acids and has a wide range of pro inflammatory actions. Usually considered a cytokine. (OMD)
TNF has two forms, TNF-alpha and TNF-beta.
Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is a multifunctional proinflammatory cytokine with effects on lipid metabolism, coagulation, insulin resistance, and endothelial function. It is produced primarily by activated macrophages. It is found in synovial cells and macrophages in the tissues.
It shares many properties with another cytokine - interleukin 1. It occurs in many inflammatory diseases and also as a response to endotoxins from bacteria (for example).
A break (excavation) in the skin or mucous membrane on the surface of an organ or tissue, with inflammation, necrosis, disintegration and loss of epithelial tissue, often with pus.
The formation or development of an ulcer.
Inflammation of the colon and rectum: cause unclear, although there are often antibodies to colonic epithelium and E. Coli strain 0119 B14. (OMD) Common Symptoms may include fatigue, weight loss, loss of appetite, rectal bleeding, loss of body fluids and nutrients. Complications include arthritis, inflammation of the eye, liver disease (hepatitis, cirrhosis, and primary sclerosing cholangitis), osteoporosis, skin rashes, and anaemia. Treatment may include amino salicylates, corticosteroids, and immunosuppressants. Surgery may be successful in severe cases.
Having a valence of one; capable of combining with, or of being substituted for, one atom of hydrogen; monovalent; said of certain atoms and radicals.
Capable of taking up, or of uniting with, certain other elements or compounds, without the elimination of any side product; thus, aldehyde, ethylene, and ammonia are unsaturated. (OMD)
An excess in the blood of urea , creatinine and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism, more correctly referred to as azotaemia . ALSO -In current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus , uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in the muscles, hypertension , oedema , mental confusion and acid, base, and electrolyte imbalances. (OMD)
A helpful (and non-invasive) test which involves the chemical and microscopic analysis of urine for diagnostic purposes. Urinalysis can assist the physician in the diagnosis of infections, diabetes, dehydration, nephritis , kidney stone, jaundice and many other conditions. (OMD)
A transient condition of the skin, usually caused by an allergic reaction, characterised by pale or reddened irregular, elevated patches and severe itching, hives. (OMD)
An inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea and the retina). (OMD)
Vascular tone refers to the degree of constriction experienced by a blood vessel relative to its maximally dilated state. All resistance and capacitance vessels under basal conditions exhibit some degree of smooth muscle contraction that determines the diameter, and hence tone, of the vessel.
1. Affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel.
2. Any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. (OMD)
Any of the minute veins connecting the capillaries with the larger systemic veins. (M+)
A closed membrane shell, derived from membranes either by a physiological process (budding) or mechanically by sonication. Vesicles of dimensions in excess of 50nm are believed to be important in intracellular transport processes. (OMD)
Plural of viscus. (M+)
Of, relating to, or located on or among the viscera. (M+)
An internal organ of the body, especially one located in the large cavity of the trunk (such as the heart, liver, or intestine). (M+)
To eject the contents of the stomach by the mouth; to puke; to spew; to throw up. An emetic excites vomiting.
(WBC) a cell which circulates in the blood and lymphatic system and harbours in the lymph glands and spleen. They are part of the immune system responsible for both directly (T-cells and macrophages ) and indirectly ( B-cells producing antibodies) attacking foreign invaders of the body. They are colourless, lack haemoglobin, contain a nucleus, and include the lymphocytes , monocytes , neutrophils , eosinophils , and basophils . (OMD)
Paralysis of the extensors of the wrist and fingers; most often caused by lesion of the radial nerve. (OMD)
Particulate yeast cell wall polysaccharide (mannan rich) that will activate complement in serum through the alternate pathway. Becomes coated with C3b/C3bi and is therefore a convenient opsonised particle, also leads to C5a production in the serum. (OMD)